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Heinrich Schmitt (1743 – 11 November 1805) was a lieutenant field marshal in the Habsburg military during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. He developed a sound military reputation as a surveyor, map-maker, and strategist during Austria's wars with the Ottoman Empire, He served on the Quartermaster's staff during the War of the First Coalition. As a major general, he was one of Archduke Charles trusted advisers during the War of the Second Coalition campaign in southwestern Germany. In 1799, his reputation was tarnished by the assassination of the French delegates to the Congress of Rastatt in 1799, and he retired the following year. When war broke out again in 1805, he was recalled from retirement and assigned to the combined Russian-Austrian forces on the Danube. On 11 November, Schmitt was killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Dürenstein. ==Family and education== Heinrich Schmitt was born in 1743, the son of Johann Sebastian von Schmitt, a captain of cavalry in the Imperial Cuirassier Regiment ''Graf Cordova''.〔Regiments of the Austrian military bore the name of a noble, reflecting the Habsburg perception of its military as a people in arms. The noble held the title of Proprietor (Inhaber) and Colonel. If the noble was of significantly high rank, a second colonel was appointed to manage the day-to-day affairs of the regiment. In this case, the ''Inhaber'' was Kaspar Ferdinand, Graf Cordova, General of Cavalry and Field Marshal; he served as ''Inhaber'' from 1726 until his death in 1756. Alphons Wrede, ''Geschichte der K.u.K. Wehrmacht,'' vol. 3., Wien: Seidel u. Sohn, 1901, p. 153.〕 Schmitt may have been born in Pest (Budapest) in Hungary, or, as other sources claim, in Bavaria.〔 Ranier Egger. ''Das Gefecht bei Dürnstein-Loiben 1805.'' Wein: Bundesverlag, 1986, p. 28. Smith, Digby. ''((Johann) Heinrich von Schmitt (S37) ).'' Leopold Kudrna and Digby Smith (compilers). ''A Biographical Dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815.'' (''The Napoleon Series'' ). Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Accessed 23 January 2010.〕 In 1742–43, his father's regiment participated in the Battle of Sahay, and then in the Siege of Prague, followed by duty in Bavaria and the Rhineland in 1743.〔 Wrede, p. 154.〕 His father died in 1752—it is unclear where—and on 25 June 1758, at the age of 14 years, Schmitt enrolled in the Imperial School of Engineering in Gumpendorf. There he received a thorough technical training in engineering and the extensive education provided for officers on all other major subjects, particularly those pertaining to war and science.〔 Jens-Florian Ebert. ''( Heinrich von Schmitt ).'' Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815. Napoleon Online.DE. Accessed 23 January 2010..〕 After three years, on 15 November 1761, Schmitt received a commission as ensign, or ''Fähnrich'', in the Infantry Regiment No. 15 ''Pallavicini''. During his assignment with this regiment, he saw service in the last years of the Seven Years' War (1765–1763) in the Bohemian theater.〔 The lack of accurate maps had hampered the conduct of the Seven Years' War and, in 1764, Schmitt was assigned to a project to improve the map-making capacity of the military. The idea of the scientific soldier, or a soldier educated in the specifics of military operations, led to an investment in the training and education of officers. The development of map making, and Carlos Pallavicini was at the forefront of this movement.〔Erik Lund. ''War for the every day: generals, knowledge and warfare in early modern Europe.'' Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-313-31041-6, pp. 152–154.〕 On 1 February 1769, after proving himself capable in this assignment, he was promoted to first lieutenant and transferred to the reorganized Quartermaster's staff.〔 Egger, ''Gefecht'', p. 28; Smith. ''(Heinrich von Schmitt ).''〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johann Heinrich von Schmitt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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